Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and , in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and are called exothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction to occur. Understanding chemical changes is a major part of the science of chemistry.
When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. An example of a chemical change is the reaction between sodium and water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. So much energy is released that the hydrogen released spontaneously burns in the air. This is an example of a chemical change because the end products are chemically different from the substances before the reaction
Contents |
Chemists categorise chemical changes into three main classes.
Inorganic chemistry describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in laboratories, or , on a larger scale in heavy industries.
Typical types of change include Neutralization (Mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt), oxidisation including combustion, redox reactions. etc
Organic chemistry is concerned with the chemistry of carbon and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents, cosmetics etc. Typiocal examples of organic chemical changes includeCracking heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of refining oil), Methylation, condensation reactions, polymerisation, halogenation etc.
Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood.
Decomposition of organic material is also within the scope of biochemistry although in this case it is the growth and activity fungi and bacteria and other micro-organisms that is involved.
Typical types of change include all the process involved in photosynthesis – a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars by plants, digestion in which energy rich materials are used by organisms to grow and move, Krebs cycle which liberates energy from stored reserves, protein synthesis which enable organisms to grow using processes controlled by RNA etc.
The following can indicate that a chemical change has taken place, although this evidence is not conclusive:
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||